From where do cells arise?

Cells arise from other cells, a principle known as biogenesis. This concept, formally established in the 19th century, underpins the understanding of cellular life and emphasizes that all living organisms are composed of cells, and that cells replicate through processes such as mitosis or meiosis. This principle acknowledges the continuity of life, where cellular reproduction allows for growth, repair, and the generation of new cells.

The assertion that cells arise from other cells is foundational in biology and supports the broader understanding of biological systems. It highlights the complexity and interdependence of life forms, as well as the genetic continuity that exists between parent cells and their offspring.

In contrast, the other options suggest origins that do not align with the established scientific understanding of cellular biology. Non-living matter, environmental factors, and spontaneous generation are concepts that have either been disproven or are not recognized as valid explanations for the origin of cells. This distinction reinforces the importance of recognizing that the process of cell division is fundamental to all forms of life.